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CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

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The common complaints of patients are easy bruising and moderate to severe pain as well as spontaneous pain in some individuals is also experienced. Orthostatic edema is the cardinal sign which can cause leg heaviness, fatigue, and discomfort. There is worsening of pain and swelling during warm weather and exercise, and limb elevation does not cause any alleviation in pain. There is an  increased risk for women with lipedema developing morbid obesity. Weight loss measures exhibit minimal effect and despite over exercise and extreme dieting patients are unable to lose fat properly due to the abnormal body fat distribution. There is increased risk for depression, eating disorders, and other psychological complaints as well. Due to excessive fat on the buttocks, hips, thighs, and lower legs there is an impact on gait of patient due to joint assignment resulting from the malalignment of the mechanical leg axis. There can also be skin lesions developing with maceration, and infection due to bulging fat tissue in deep skin folds. Low prevalence of diabetes has also been described in patients and they also exhibit a less severe cardiovascular profile. Also a study has suggested that the majority of patients with lipoedema had a normal lipid profile when compared with higher percentages of cholesterol in the general female population. Further research is needed to clarify these aspects. 

TYPES OF LIPOEDEMA

The diagnosis of lipoedema is challenging sometimes but it almost starts at puberty and persists over the lifetime and progresses gradually. Localization of lipoedema fat tissue is of gynoid type, resulting in a disproportion between the upper and lower body (i.e., a waist-hip ratio < 1) with typical involvement of the hips, buttocks, thighs, and lower legs. There is a sharp separation between normal and abnormal tissue at the ankle (“cuff sign”) which is the distinct features along with significant disproportion in circumference between the hips and waist (“riding breeches”). Based on distribution in the body there are five types of lipoedema:
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